Linking RFID to BIM

A demystification of research methods
链接RFID和BIM：解密研究方法
A material for Research Methodology, Renmin Univ. of China

为中国人民大学《研究方法》课程编制
21/22 March 2018

Dr Frank Xue 薛帆

Research Assistant Professor
Dept of REC, HKU
iLab, HKURBANlab, HKU

Outline
序言

0

Prologue

简介

1

Introduction to linking RFID to BIM

分析

2

Model and Analysis (R & SPSS)

讨论

3

Discussion

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

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Section 0 序言

PROLOGUE

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

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0.1 Aim and scope 目的和范畴
 Aim of this presentation 本课件的目的
 To apply research methods 应用所学研究方法
 To share a recent study 分享一项最新成果
 To demonstrate the use of R and SPSS 演示R和SPSS的使用
 To present a whole research in AECO (Architecture,

Engineering, Construction & Operation) 展现完整研究流程
 To encourage debates on the methods 鼓励方法的讨论

 Scope 范畴
 The method domain 方法范畴
o Contingency table, correlation, & decision tree, etc.

 The application domain 应用领域
o AECO

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

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0.2 Rationale of the research design 研究设计逻辑
 Goal: To promote A in AECO 研究目的：为业界推广A
 Data source: Credible cases in literature 数据：文献实例
 Research design 研究设计
 1. Scientific questions decomposition 分解科学问题

研究过程范式

o (i) History: What can be concluded for A?

o (ii) Future: What are the trends (B, C, D) relating to A?

 2. Conceptual model formation 组织概念模型
o How A B C D work together?

 3. Data of A B C D 数据获取

o Number, category, & description in cases  extraction

 4. Data analysis 数据分析

o Statistics and data analytics (R & SPSS)

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0.3 Expected outputs to form a paper 预期论文组织
Outputs from the research design

Paper organization

预期研究结果
 1. Scientific questions

论文组织
 1. Introduction

 2. Conceptual model

 2 Research methods

 3. Data of A B C D

 2.1 Conceptual model

 3.1 Source of data

 2.2 Literature search

 3.2 Extracted data

 2.3 Data extraction

 4. Data analysis
Expertise & insights

 3. Analytical results
 4. Summarized guidelines
 5. Conclusion

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

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0.4 A quiz 课堂练习
 Q1: What type is this research? 课堂练习1：此为何种研究？
 (A) survey research/literature review 综述
 (B) experimental research 实验
 (C) meta-analysis 元分析
 (D) correlational research 相关性分析

 Note: To cite the slides/work, you can
 Cite my paper (under 2nd round review)
o Xue, F., Chen, K., Lu, W., Niu, Y., & Huang G.Q. (2018). Linking radio-

frequency identification (RFID) to building information modeling
(BIM): Status quo, development trajectory, and practitioner guidelines.
Automation in Construction, under review.

 Freely use the pictures shared under CC-BY/CC-BY-SA
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

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Section 1 简介

INTRODUCTION TO LINKING RFID TO BIM

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1.1 Smart construction & beyond 智能建造
 What is smart construction 何为智能建造
 Construction (noun) versus construction (verb)
 Smart: Context aware, ad hoc information-sharing[1]

 A “backward industry” wants to be smart “落后产业”
 A consensus of global research institutes on future const.[2]

Recent advances in ICT
(Some sources shared under CC-BY 2.0/3.0)

 Advances in [smart] ICT (info. & comm. tech.)
Our focus

o BIM, RFID, LiDAR, GPS, UAV, CV, VR/AR, smart phones…

 The vision beyond 长远前景

 Construction industrialization: Quality, cost, & “forward”
 Smart and resilient city: For 70% world population by 2050
 Robot and AI-assisted future: Next-gen industrial revolution
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

Resilient city comic (Source: flickr, CC-BY 2.0)

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1.2 BIM: A shared information hub BIM：信息枢纽
 BIM (building information modeling)[3] 建筑信息模型
 The digital representation of physical and functional

characteristics of a facility
 A shared information hub about a facility serving as a reliable

basis for decisions making
 Evolved from CAD (computer-aided design)[4]

A word cloud of BIM
(Source: advenser.com)

 The “I” in BIM includes[3, 5] 信息包括
 Constant attributes and relationships of components 静态
o E.g., As-designed geometry, material, function, …

 User’s & Dynamic 动态

o E.g., occupants, equipment, worker’s location, as-is status
o Risking “blind and deaf” to on-going AECO processes[6]

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

An evolution view of CAD model/BIM [4]
10

1.3 RFID: Contactless identification & localization
RFID：非接触式识别和定位
 RFID: Radio-frequency identification 射频识别
 Incepted in 1800s (Faraday, Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla, & Marconi)
 Commercialized in 1960s, the era of civil radar and radio
 Boomed in recent 20 years, as one core technology of IoT
 Properties: ID (native), time, location, stored, extra sensors …

 Is a (collective) generic term 是一系列技术的统称
Table 1: The family of RFID systems in different frequencies[7]
Band
LF
HF
UHF
Frequency
125~134 kHz 13.56 MHz 433, 865~956 MHz
Comm. Distance(m) < 2
< 0.2
< 100 (left); < 2 (r)
Example
Access
Smart card, Library, baggage
applications
control
NFC
tracking
Approximate tag
0.1
5
0.1
unit cost (USD)
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

MW
UWB
2.45~5.8 GHz 3~10.6 GHz
<1
< 10
ETC

Locationing

20~30

10~15
RFID applications (Some photos from
Wikipedia, CC-BY 3.0)
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1.4 Linking RFID to BIM 链接RFID和BIM
 Possible work in the life-cycle of construction 生命周期中

Arts
Sub-con

 Architecture design: (None?)
Arch.

 Engineering design: RFID selection, plan drawings, testing
 Construction: Component, material, worker, progress, safety…
o Above two highly related to construction industrialization

Demo.

Eng.

 Operation: Indoor location, asset management, facility records…
 Demolition: Planning facilitation, as-is calibration, recycling…

O&M

Const.

 Reported work and cases in literature 文献中报告的研究
 Almost all cases were conducted in Const. to O&M
 A few incepted scenarios mentioned Eng. or Demo.
 Stage Arch. was not mentioned
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

Decades
Linking RFID to BIM in
different stages of construction
life cycle and possible barriers
(Popular stages in bold)
12

Section 2 分析

MODEL AND ANALYSIS (R & SPSS)

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2.1 The conceptual model 概念模型
 What comprise of A?
研究目标 A 包括？
 RFID system
 BIM
 Information storage 信息

 Independent variables (B
C D) 自变量包括?
 Phase 生命周期的阶段
 Object 对象

A conceptual model of linking RFID to BIM
链接RFID和BIM的概念模型
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

o Property 属性
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2.2 Source of data: The real cases in literature
数据源： 文献中的真实案例
 Cases collection 案例收集
 Search “(RFID OR UWB OR NFC OR “smart card”)

(construction OR infrastructure OR building) BIM ”

from Google Scholar (N= 2,190)
 Screening non-AECO and review papers (N=

264)
 Selecting real cases with details (N= 41)

 Data (sample size) 数据（样本数）
 Eng.: N= 1
o Excluded for insufficient sample size

 Const.: N= 21
 O&M: N= 21
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2.3 Data extraction 数据提取
Possible options
RFID
Frequency
LF
system
HF
UHF
MW
UWB
Type
active
passive
BIM
Digital
3D
representation 2D
Cloud-based Yes
No
Info.
Both BIM and RFID tag
storage BIM only
plan
RFID tag only
third-party database
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

Explanations
125-135 kHz
13.56 MHz
433 MHz; 865-956 MHz
2.45-5.8 GHz
3.1-10 GHz
with built-in batteries
without built-in batteries
The model is presented in 3D
The model is presented in 2D, like floor plan
In the cloud servers that allow remote access.
o.w.

 We normalize the
cases as samples of
从案例中提取五类
数据
 RFID
o Freq. 频率

o Type 主动？

 BIM

o 2D/3D?

o Cloud 云端？

 Info. storage
 Phase
 Object

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2.3 An overview of extracted data 提取出的数据
Reference
(Author-year)

Phase*

Information to monitor

RFID type+

Obj† Prop‡ Details

Frequency

A?

Information BIM#
storage
Type
plan
BIM
3D-M

√

RFID

3D-M
3D-M

Cloud?

Hammad and Motamedi Const. C
(2007)
Hämäläinen and Ikonen Const. C
(2008)
Chin et al. (2008)
Const. M

Sta.

Activity timeline

UHF

Rec.

Inspection result

HF

Sta.

Activity timeline

LF

BIM

Motamedi and Hammad Const. C
(2009)
O&M C

Rec.

Progress

UHF

BIM+RFID 3D-M

Rec.

Inspection records

UHF

BIM+RFID 3D-M

Razavi and Haas (2010) Const. M

Loc.

Material's location

UHF^

3rd party

2D-FP

Xie et al. (2010)

Const. C

Loc.

Steel frame's location

UHF^

3rd party

3D-M

Azimi et al. (2011)

Const. C

Sta.

3rd party

3D-M

El-Omari and Moselhi Const. C
(2011)
Shahi et al. (2012)
Const. M

Sta.

Steel piece's locations over UHF^
time
Activity & progress
UHF

BIM

3D-M

BIM

3D-M

Const. P

Loc.

Material's
location
progress
Worker's location

& UWB

Ding et al. (2013)

UHF^

BIM

2D-FP

Ikonen et al. (2013)

Const. C

Sta.

Activity timeline

HF & UHF

3rd party

3D-M

Shahi et al. (2013)

Const. C

Loc.

Location-based activity

UWB

3rd party

3D-M

Guo et al. (2014)

Const. P

Loc.

worker's UHF^

3rd party

3D-M

Sattineni (2014)

Const. P

Loc.

Safety of a
location
Indoor location

UHF

BIM

3D-M

Costin et al. (2015)

Const. P

Loc.

Worker's location

UHF

BIM

3D-M

Zhang and Bai (2015)

Const. C

Strain Strain and breakage

UHF

BIM+RFID 3D-M

Fang et al. (2016)

Const. P

Loc.

Worker's location

UHF

BIM

3D-M

√

Niu et al. (2016)

Const. C

Sta.

Component's status

UHF^

BIM

3D-M

√

Srewil et al. (2016)

Const. C

Loc.

Component's location

UHF

BIM

3D-M

√

Mirzaeifar et al. (2017) Const. C
Zhong et al. (2017)

Loc.

 42 rows (21+21)
 9 columns (except for ‘details’; ‘reference’  ‘Year’)
√

√

Sta.

Logistic status

HF

3rd party

3D-M

√

Const. C

Sta.

Status and locations

HF & UHF

BIM

3D-M

√

Rueppel and Stuebbe O&M P
(2008)
Cong et al. (2010)
O&M C

Loc.

Fire fighter’s location

UHF & UWB

3rd party

2D-FP

√

Rec.

Repair record, inventory

UHF

√

3rd party

2D-FP

Krukowski
and O&M P
Arsenijevic (2010)
Meadati et al. (2010)
O&M C

Loc.

Indoor location

MW

√

3rd party

2D-FP

Sta.

Component's status

UHF

BIM

3D-M

Petrushevski (2012)

O&M P

Loc.

2D-FP

O&M C

Loc.

User's presence for light HF
control
Asset's location
LF

3rd party

Shen et al. (2012)

BIM

2D-FP

Akanmu et al. (2013)

O&M C

Sta.

BIM

3D-M

O&M C

Sig.

Component's status, e.g., UHF^
failure
Visible area of a grid
UWB

3rd party

3D-M

Masoudifar et al. (2014) O&M C

Loc.

Facility's location

UWB

3rd party

2D-FP

Montaser and Moselhi O&M P
(2014)
Rafiee (2014)
O&M P

Loc.

Indoor location

UHF

BIM

3D-M

Loc.

BIM

3D-M

Costin
(2015)

Loc.

locations of authorized UWB
persons
Indoor location
UHF

3rd party

3D-M

Zhang et al. (2013)

√

 Extracted data in format 数据格式

√

√

o Mostly categorical data 大多是非数值型

Hammad and Motamedi Const. C
(2007)
Hämäläinen and Ikonen Const. C
(2008)
Chin et al. (2008)
Const. M

Sta.

Activity timeline

UHF

Information BIM#
storage
A?
Type
plan
BIM
3D-M

Rec.

Inspection result

HF

√

Sta.

Activity timeline

Motamedi and Hammad Const. C
(2009)
O&M C

Rec.

Progress

Rec.

Reference
(Author-year)

Phase

Information to monitor

RFID type+

Obj† Prop‡ Details

Frequency

*

LF

BIM

3D-M

UHF

BIM+RFID 3D-M

Inspection records

UHF

BIM+RFID 3D-M

^

Loc.

Material's location

UHF

3rd party

2D-FP

Xie et al. (2010)

Loc.

Steel frame's location

UHF^

3rd party

3D-M

^

3rd party

3D-M

BIM

3D-M

Azimi et al. (2011)

Const. C

Sta.

El-Omari and Moselhi Const. C
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC(2011)

Sta.

Teizer O&M P

3D-M

Razavi and Haas (2010) Const. M
Const. C

and

RFID

Steel piece's locations over UHF
time
Activity & progress
UHF

Cloud?

17

2.3 A visualization 可视化
自变量×3

RFID

信息

BIM

 Visualization 可视化
 RFID
o Mostly UHF, UWB
o Mostly passive

 BIM

o Mostly 3D

 Info storage

o A few in RFID

 Note: in Sankey chart桑
基图
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2.4 Task 1: 2D/3D vs. time 任务1：2D/3D与时间
 2D/3D vs. time 时间
 (1) Data sample (N = 42)
o Contingency table 列联表
o Correlation 相关性

 (2) Annual sum (N = 11+11)
o Correlation 相关性

 (3) Annual ratio (N = 11)
o Correlation 相关性

 Q2: What are the differences?
课堂练习2：四种研究的异同？
 Results 结果
 Rationale 原理
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

Const.
建设

O&M.
运维

Year 3D
Year 3D
0
2007
1 2008
1
2008
1 2009
0
2008
1 2010
0
2009
1 2010
1
2010
0 2010
0
2010
1 2012
0
2011
1 2012
1
2011
1 2013
1
2012
1 2014
1
2013
0 2013
0
2013
1 2014
1
2013
1 2014
1
2014
1 2015
1
2014
1 2015
0
2015
1 2016
1
2015
1 2016
1
2016
1 2016
1
2016
1 2016
1
2016
1 2016
1
2017
1 2017
1
2017
1 2017

Annual sum
年度总计

Annual ratio
年度采用率

Year 3D
2D
2007
1
0
2008
2
1
2009
2
0
2010
2
3
2011
2
0
2012
1
2
2013
4
1
2014
4
1
2015
4
0
2016
7
1
2017
4
0

Year 3D (%)
100
2007
2008 66.67
100
2009
40
2010
100
2011
2012 33.33
80
2013
80
2014
100
2015
87.5
2016
100
2017

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2.4.1 Contingency table 列联表 (N = 42)
Const. 建设 O&M. 运维

 “Is 2D/3D presentation covaried with
Year?” “2D/3D是否与年份共变？”
 H0: Not covaried

 Contingency table
 Open in SPSS, under menu “Analyze”
o “Descriptive statistics”—“Crosstab”

(Note: Crosstab = 列联表)

o Between Year and BIM3D

 χ² = 12.254 卡方

Year
2007
2008
2008
2009
2010
2010
2011
2011
2012
2013
2013
2013
2014
2014
2015
2015
2016
2016
2016
2017
2017

3D
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Year
2008
2009
2010
2010
2010
2012
2012
2013
2014
2013
2014
2014
2015
2015
2016
2016
2016
2016
2016
2017
2017

3D
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

 Exact significance = 0.27 精确显著性
o NOT Significant 不显著
o Accept H0

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2.4.2 Pearson’s correlation 相关性 (N = 42)
 “Is 2D/3D presentation correlated with
Year?” “2D/3D是否与年份相关？”
 H0: Not correlated

 Pearson’s correlation 相关性
 Open in SPSS, under menu “Analyze”
o “Correlate”—“Bivariate”

o Between Year and BIM3D
o Single-tailed

Assuming one-direction effect

 Pearson cor. = 0.248 相关性：弱
 Sig. (1-tailed) = 0.057 单尾显著性
o NOT Significant 不显著

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

Const. 建设 O&M. 运维
Year
2007
2008
2008
2009
2010
2010
2011
2011
2012
2013
2013
2013
2014
2014
2015
2015
2016
2016
2016
2017
2017

3D
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Year
2008
2009
2010
2010
2010
2012
2012
2013
2014
2013
2014
2014
2015
2015
2016
2016
2016
2016
2016
2017
2017

3D
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

Pearson cor.

Interpretation

.00 ~ .19

Very weak

.20 ~ .39

Weak

.40 ~ .59

Moderate

.60 ~ .79

Strong

.80 ~ 1.0

Very strong
21

2.4.3 Correlation on annual sum 年度总计相关性
(N=11+11)
Annual sum

 “Is yearly 2D/3D correlated with Year?” 年度总计
Year 3D
“年度2D/3D使用与年份相关？”
 H0: Not correlated

 Pearson’s correlation 相关性
 Open in SPSS, under menu “Analyze”
o “Correlate”—“Bivariate”

o Between Year and Sum3D, Sum2D

 Yearly 3D

o Pearson cor. = 0.792 相关性：强

o Sig. (1-tailed) = 0.002 单尾显著性

Significant; reject H0 显著正相关

 Yearly 2D： Insignificant 不显著
F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

2D
1
2
2
2
2
1
4
4
4
7
4

0
1
0
3
0
2
1
1
0
1
0

Pearson cor.

Interpretation

.00 ~ .19

Very weak

.20 ~ .39

Weak

.40 ~ .59

Moderate

.60 ~ .79

Strong

.80 ~ 1.0

Very strong
22

2.4.4 Correlation on annual ratio 年度采用率相关性
(N=11)
 “Is yearly 3D ratio correlated with Year?”
“年度3D采用率与年份相关？”
 H0: Not correlated

 Pearson’s correlation 相关性
 Open in SPSS, under menu “Analyze”
o “Correlate”—“Bivariate”

o Between Year and Ratio3D

 Yearly 3D ratio

o Pearson cor. = 0.176 相关性：极弱
o Sig. (1-tailed) = 0.302 单尾显著性

Insignificant 不显著
Accept H0

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

Annual ratio
年度采用率
Year 3D (%)
100
2007
2008 66.67
100
2009
40
2010
100
2011
2012 33.33
80
2013
80
2014
100
2015
87.5
2016
100
2017

Pearson cor.

Interpretation

.00 ~ .19

Very weak

.20 ~ .39

Weak

.40 ~ .59

Moderate

.60 ~ .79

Strong

.80 ~ 1.0

Very strong
23

2.4.5 A review of the results 结果回顾
Test N

χ²

Pearson cor.

12.3

Sig.

H0

Cor.?

Interpret

0.270 Accept

No

共变

1

42

2

42

0.248

0.057 Accept

No

相关

33D

11

0.792

0.002** Rejected

Yes

年度总量

32D

11

0.092

0.394 Accept

No

年度总量

4

11

0.176

0.302 Accept

No

年度比率

 Q2: What are the differences?
课堂练习2：四种研究的异同？
 请思考

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2.5 Task 2: Decision tree of cloud/standalone 决策树
 Decision tree[10] 决策树
 Mirrors human decision making 模仿人的决策过程
 Multivariate analysis 多变量分析 
 Nonlinear statistical model 非线性统计模型 
 Easy to interpret, unlike ANN 容易理解 
 Contains
o A root node 根结点（起点）
o Branches 分支结点

o Leaves 叶结点（终点）

 Application domains 常见领域

A decision tree of playing outside
户外活动的决策树
（Source: Wikipedia, CC-BY-SA 3.0)

Playing outside：
(1) Humidity= normal AND windy= false;
OR
(2) Humidity= high AND outlook≠ sunny

户外活动：
 Machine learning, big data, knowledge engineering, operations (1) 湿度正常 且 没有大风； 或者
(2) 湿度高 但 没有暴晒
research 机器学习，大数据，知识工程，运筹学等

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2.5.1 Mining decision trees with R 用R归纳决策树
 “How did literature use cloud/
standalone BIM?”
“文献中何时使用云端/单机
BIM？”
 Open data in R
 R: Free scientific packages
 Run ‘rpart’ package
 Draw with ‘rattle’ package

 Result interpretation 结果解读
 Cloud 云端：
o Phase=Const. AND

Property= Status （实时）

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

Phase
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
Const.
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M
O&M

Subject
Comp
Comp
Mat
Comp
Mat
Comp
Comp
Comp
Mat
User
Comp
Comp
User
User
User
Comp
User
Comp
Comp
Comp
Comp
User
Comp
Comp
User
Comp
User
Comp
Comp
User
Comp
Comp
User
User
User
User
Comp
Comp
User
Comp
Comp
Comp

Property Cloud ?
Standalone
Status
Standalone
Rec
Standalone
Status
Standalone
Rec
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Status
Standalone
Status
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Cloud
Status
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Cloud
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Other
Cloud
Loc
Cloud
Status
Cloud
Loc
Cloud
Status
Cloud
Status
Cloud
Loc
Standalone
Rec
Standalone
Rec
Cloud
Loc
Standalone
Status
Standalone
Loc
Cloud
Loc
Standalone
Status
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Other
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Rec
Cloud
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc
Standalone
Loc

26

2.5.2 Decision tree pruning 修剪决策树
 Drawbacks of the decision tree 缺点
 Biased from outdated cases back to 10 years ago

陈旧数据导致决策规则偏颇

 Complement 补完
 Needs pruning for future use

为未来应用修剪决策树
o With recent stablished trends in industry

A recent burst of cloud BIMs
云端BIM已趋于流行

使用最新确立的工业趋势

 Pruned tree 修剪后的决策树
 Cloud 云端:

o All scenarios in construction phase if having

available network
建造阶段（实时要求高）且 有可用网络

F Xue: Linking RFID to BIM, 21/22 March 2018, RUC

Pruned decision tree
修剪后的决策树(面向智能建造)

27

2.6 A final guideline 最终编成的实用指南

1. Select an RFID

2. Adopt the RFID

6. Data schema
extension

7. RFID installation 8. Training workers 9. Info. gateway

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3. Select a BIM

4. Adopt the BIM

5. Select a storage

10. Decision
support
28

Section 3 讨论

DISCUSSION

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3 Further discussion 进一步讨论
 Q1: What type is this research? 课堂练习1：此为何种研究？
 (A) survey research/literature review 综述
 (B) experimental research 实验 
 (C) meta-analysis 元分析（分析的分析）
 (D) correlational research 相关性分析

（Source: Wikipedia, CC-BY-SA 3.0)

 Q2: What are the differences? 课堂练习2：四种研究的异同？
 Results 结果
 Rationale 原理

 Q3: Any limitations in this research? 课堂练习3：本研究局限性在……？
 Data 数据
 Methods 方法
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References 参考文献
 [1] Beigl, M., Gellersen, H. W., & Schmidt, A. (2001). Mediacups: Experience with design and use of computer-augmented

everyday artefacts. Computer Networks, 35(4), 401-409.
 [2] Harty, C., Goodier, C. I., Soetanto, R., Austin, S., Dainty, A. R., & Price, A. D. (2007). The futures of construction: a critical
review of construction future studies. Construction Management and Economics, 25(5), 477-493.
 [3] National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). (2015). National Building Information Modeling Standard. Available at:
https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/, retrieved on Nov 22, 2017.
 [4] Penttilä, H. (2007). Early architectural design and BIM. Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures (CAADFutures 2007),
291-302.
 [5] Eastman, C. M., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., and Liston, K. (2011). BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for
owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors. John Wiley & Sons.
 [6] Chen, K., Lu, W., Peng, Y., Rowlinson, S., & Huang, G. Q. (2015). Bridging BIM and building: From a literature review to an
integrated conceptual framework. International journal of project management, 33(6), 1405-1416.
 [7] Valero, E., Adán, A., & Cerrada, C. (2015). Evolution of RFID applications in construction: A literature review. Sensors, 15(7),
15988-16008.
 [8] Kortuem, G., Kawsar, F., Sundramoorthy, V., & Fitton, D. (2010). Smart objects as building blocks for the internet of
things. IEEE Internet Computing, 14(1), 44-51.
 [9] Niu, Y., Lu, W., Chen, K., Huang, G. G., & Anumba, C. (2015). Smart construction objects. Journal of Computing in Civil
Engineering, 30(4), 04015070.
 [10] James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An introduction to statistical learning (Vol. 112). New York:
springer.
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Thank You !
感谢！